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黄金科学技术 ›› 2024, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (2): 191-206.doi: 10.11872/j.issn.1005-2518.2024.02.140

• 矿产勘查与资源评价 • 上一篇    下一篇

宁夏海原西华山地区金矿床地质地球化学特征及成因分析

苏力1(),朱海军1,谷守江1(),杨兴科2(),赵翌辰2,孙雪平1,何虎军2,韩珂2,张玉瑜1,谭江1,谢愿龙1,张龙1,高立博1   

  1. 1.宁夏回族自治区地质资料馆,宁夏 银川 750021
    2.长安大学地球科学与资源学院,陕西 西安 710054
  • 收稿日期:2023-10-09 修回日期:2024-02-06 出版日期:2024-04-30 发布日期:2024-05-21
  • 通讯作者: 谷守江,杨兴科 E-mail:172132841@qq.com;819959941@qq.com;xky6105@chd.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:苏力(1982-),男,陕西西安人,工程师,从事地质矿产勘查与研究工作。172132841@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    宁夏回族自治区科技厅自然科学基金项目“宁夏海原县西华山铜金矿成矿时代及物质来源研究”(2021AAC03478);中国地质调查局北山—祁连成矿带地质矿产调查项目“宁夏中卫市南西华山铜金矿调查”(编号(1212011085088);资[2010]矿评01-04-15、资[2011]矿评02-04-22、资[2012]矿评02-002-021)联合资助

Geological and Geochemistry Characteristics and Genesis Analysis of Gold Deposits in Xihuashan Area,Haiyuan,Ningxia

Li SU1(),Haijun ZHU1,Shoujiang GU1(),Xingke YANG2(),Yichen ZHAO2,Xueping SUN1,Hujun HE2,Ke HAN2,Yuyu ZHANG1,Jiang TAN1,Yuanlong XIE1,Long ZHANG1,Libo GAO1   

  1. 1.Geological Archive of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
    2.School of Earth Sciences and Resources, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, Shaanxi, China
  • Received:2023-10-09 Revised:2024-02-06 Online:2024-04-30 Published:2024-05-21
  • Contact: Shoujiang GU,Xingke YANG E-mail:172132841@qq.com;819959941@qq.com;xky6105@chd.edu.cn

摘要:

宁夏海原西华山金矿区位于秦岭—祁连—昆仑造山带之祁连构造成矿带,在该矿区已发现马场和柳沟2个金矿床。区内含矿地层为长城系海原群变质地层,矿脉受断裂带控制,矿石类型主要为蚀变煌斑岩型、石英脉型和蚀变岩型。为了查明西华山金矿区矿床成因类型和成矿过程,对马场和柳沟2个金矿床开展了野外地质调查、流体包裹体显微测温和H-O-S同位素地球化学研究工作。研究表明:马场和柳沟金矿床石英流体包裹体均一温度范围分别为140.1~382.6 ℃和203.2~353.9 ℃,集中在250~260 ℃和270~280 ℃;盐度[w(NaCleq)]分别为2.57%~10.72%和5.28%~12.08%,集中在6%~7%和7%~8%;成矿期成矿流体δD值分别为-86.5‰~-87.2‰和-90.2‰~-91.6‰,δ18O值分别为7.4‰~8.7‰和8.7‰~10.0‰;2个矿区矿石黄铁矿中δ34S分布范围为-1.00‰~0.27‰。综合研究认为,区内金矿成矿流体属于中低温、中低盐度的流体,主要来源于岩浆水;硫也主要源于岩浆,有少量可能源于围岩地层;区内金矿床属于与晚古生代中酸性岩浆活动有关的中低温低盐度岩浆热液型金矿。

关键词: 流体包裹体, H-O-S同位素, 成矿流体, 矿床成因, 祁连构造带, 西华山金矿区

Abstract:

The Xihuashan gold mining area is located in the Qilian tectonic metallogenic belt of the Qinling-Qilian-Kunlun orogenic belt,Machang and Liugou gold deposits have been found in the mining area.The ore-bearing strata in the area are the metamorphic strata of the Haiyuan group,and the veins are controlled by the fault zone.The ore types are mainly altered lamprophyre type,quartz vein type and altered rock type.In order to find out the genetic type and metallogenic process of the Xihuashan gold deposit,the field geological survey,microthermometry of fluid inclusionsand H-O-S isotope geochemistry of Machang and Liugou gold deposit were carried out.The results show that the homogenization temperature of quartz fluid inclusions in Machang gold deposit ranges from 140.1 ℃ to 382.6 ℃,and mainly concentrated in 250~260 ℃,the corresponding salinity is 2.57%~10.72% NaCleq.The homogenization temperature of quartz fluid inclusions in Liugou gold deposit ranges from 203.2 ℃ to 353.9 ℃,and mainly concentrated in 270~280 ℃,and the freezing point temperature is -8.2~-3.2 ℃,the corresponding salinity is 5.28%~12.08% NaCleq,mainly concentrated in 7%~8% NaCleq.The δD values of quartz in Machang gold deposit are -86.5‰~-87.2‰,and the δ18O values are 15.4‰~16.7‰.The δD values of quartz in Liugou gold deposit are -90.2‰~-91.6‰,the δ18O values are 15.7‰~17.0‰.Therefore,the ore-forming fluid belongs to the medium-low temperature medium-low salinity fluid,the main source of magmatic water.Additionally,the δ34S values in the pyrite of the Machang and Liugou mine areas range from -1.00‰ to 0.27‰.The combination of the S isotopic composition in the regional stratigraphy and electron probe analysis of pyrite suggests that the sulfur source of gold-bearing sulfides(with δ34S values close to zero) is primarily derived from deep magma,whilesulfides containing trace amount of gold or without gold are derived from the surrounding rock stratigraphy.During the Late Garidonian period,the magmatic dynamic and thermal influence of the Juewushan rock mass made the ore-forming materials in the white schist such as muscovite albite quartz schist in the Xihuashan area concentrated in fracture fissures to form early hydrothermal quartz veins. Simultaneously,in the late stage of magmatic differentiation and evolution,the ore-froming materials were separated from the magma,forming mineralized veins such as lamprophyre veins and quartz albite veins.When the solution temperature eventually dropped to the temperature of gold precipitation,the ore-forming hydrothermal fluid precipitated and enriched in the favorable position of the fault zone,forming gold deposits such as quartz vein types and fracture alteration rock types.

Key words: fluid inclusion, H-O-S isotopes, ore-forming fluid, genesis of deposit, Qilian tectonic belt, Xihuashan gold mining area

中图分类号: 

  • P618.51

图1

宁夏海原南西华山铜金矿区构造单元(张海波等,2016)Ⅰ-阿拉善—华北地块;Ⅰ-1-阿拉善地块;Ⅰ-2-鄂尔多斯地块;Ⅰ-3-贺兰裂陷槽;Ⅱ-阿拉善—华北地块南缘;Ⅱ-1-走廊弧后盆地;Ⅱ-2-走廊南山岛弧;Ⅱ-3-北祁连缝合带;Ⅲ-柴达木地块;Ⅳ-秦岭造山带;1.断裂;2.黄河;3.研究区"

图2

西华山地区金矿地质图(邹武建等,2012b)1.第四系;2.古近系;3.石炭系;4.志留系;5.震旦系;6.中元古界泉儿沟组上段;7.中元古界泉儿沟组下段;8.中元古界天都山组上段;9.中元古界天都山组下段;10.中元古界马家沟组;11.中元古界簸箕掌组上段;12.中元古界簸箕掌组下段;13.中元古界五桥沟组;14.变基性岩;15.煌斑岩;16.石英脉;17.金矿体;18.逆断层;19.正断层;20.性质不明断层;21.片理产状;22.地质界线;23.不整合界线;24.破碎带;25.矿区"

表1

中酸性侵入岩特征和形成时代"

岩带岩体测试对象年龄/Ma岩性
南岩带崛吴山花岗闪长岩全岩425.80灰白、浅灰红色中—细粒花岗闪长岩
石洼里黑云母353.15±3.92绿灰色白云母绿泥石英片岩
北岩带菜园黑云母391.10±11.30中—细粒贫石英二长花岗岩
乱堆子黑云母326.10±3.92浅灰红色中粒斑状花岗闪长岩

图3

黑泉—马场金矿主要金矿化体分布图(邹武建等,2011)1.第四系冲积、洪积、风积物;2.蓟县系天都山组云母石英片岩;3.大理岩;4.石英片岩;5.绿泥钠长阳起片岩;6.石英脉;7.煌斑岩脉;8.逆断层;9.正断层;10.推测断层;11.性质不明断层;12.金矿体及编号;13.矿化带"

图4

黑泉—马场金矿3004勘探线地质剖面图1.第四系;2.天都山组第二岩段;3.天都山组第一岩段;4.白云母钠长石英片岩;5.石英片岩;6.破碎带及编号;7.矿体及编号;8.岩层产状;9.硐探工程(沿脉)及编号;10.硐探工程(穿脉)及编号;11.采样位置及编号"

图5

西华山金矿区石英脉和煌斑岩脉野外地质特征(a)含矿煌斑岩脉;(b)断层破碎带中煌斑岩;(c)斜切围岩煌斑岩脉;(d)顺层石英脉;(e)含矿石英脉;(f)含矿石英脉;(g)孔雀石化石英脉;(h)断层破碎带中发育大量含矿石英脉;(i)成矿后期石英方解石脉;(j)断层破碎带;(k)煌斑岩脉与石英脉伴生;(l)含金蚀变碎裂云母钠长石英片岩;分图(a)~(f)样品采自马场矿区;分图(g)~(l)样品采自柳沟矿区"

图6

西华山金矿区矿石显微照片(a)煌斑岩单偏光;(b)煌斑岩正交偏光;(c)破碎石英脉;(d)石英脉中破碎黄铁矿;(e)构造蚀变岩单偏光;(f)构造蚀变岩正交偏光;Q-石英;Bt-黑云母;Ms-白云母;Pl-斜长石;Py-黄铁矿"

图7

柳沟金矿金矿化体分布图(张海波等,2016)1.第四系冲洪积或风积物;2.蓟县系天都山组上岩段第二岩层白云钠长石英片岩;3.蓟县系天都山组上岩段第一岩层白云钠长石英片岩;4.大理岩;5.石英片岩;6.绿帘钠长阳气片岩;7.金矿体及编号;8.逆断层;9.性质不明断层;10.整合地质界线"

表2

西华山地区金矿床流体包裹体采样信息"

样品编号采集矿区和部位样品类型
BGT05马场老洞2320采掘面含矿石英脉
BGT06马场老洞2320洞内50 m处含矿石英脉
BGT07柳沟老洞内断层破碎带含矿石英脉
BGT08柳沟老洞掌子面与地表连通处含矿石英脉
ST04马场老洞2320采掘面含矿石英脉
ST05马场老洞2320洞内50 m处含矿石英脉
ST06柳沟老洞内断层破碎带含矿石英脉
HTKC02柳沟老洞内断层破碎带构造蚀变岩

图8

西华山金矿区石英流体包裹体显微特征(a)纯液相包裹体;(b)气液两相水溶液包裹体与纯液相包裹体;(c)纯气相包裹体和Ⅲ型富气相包裹体;(d)富液相包裹体;(e)纯气相包裹体和Ⅲ型富液相包裹体;(f)富气相包裹体"

表3

西华山金矿流体包裹体测温结果"

矿区名称测试矿物冰点温度/℃均一温度/℃盐度w(NaCleq)/%密度/(g·cm-3来源
马场含矿石英脉-7.1~-1.5129.0~382.62.57~10.720.56~0.96本文
柳沟含矿石英脉-8.2~-3.2203.2~353.95.28~12.080.66~0.90
金场子石英脉-2.2~-7.4171~3963.69~10.990.64~0.57海连富等,2021;海连富,2023
多金属硫化物石英脉187~3501.30~5.300.24~0.78

图9

西华山金矿区流体包裹体显微测温结果"

表4

西华山金矿区石英H-O同位素测试结果"

矿区名称样品编号δDV-SMOW/‰δ18OV-SMOW/‰Th/℃δ18OH2O/资料来源
马场HT05-87.216.7256.28.7本文
HT06-86.515.4256.27.4
柳沟HT07-90.215.7275.48.7
HT08-91.617.0275.410.0
马场WL-14-19.11--王崇礼等,1996
柳沟WL-22-19.93--
WL-20-18.37--
金场子JCZ-19-4-48.020.7259.811.2海连富等,2021;海连富,2023
B6010-3-59.019.7240.210.3
2502-202-66.022.0240.212.6

表5

西华山铜金矿区S同位素测试结果"

矿区名称样品编号岩性δ34S/‰资料来源
马场ST05黄铁矿2.5本文
柳沟ST06黄铁矿-0.5
HTKC02黄铁矿-1.0
马场WL-14黄铁矿2.3王崇礼等,1996
柳沟WL-20黄铁矿1.7
WL-30黄铁矿0.7
金场子JCZ-4黄铁矿6.9艾宁等,2011;艾宁,2014
JCZ-5黄铁矿10.8
JCZ-10黄铁矿9.0

图10

研究区δ18OH2O?δD同位素流体性质图解(底图据Taylor,1974)"

图11

研究区S同位素组成分布图(底图据Hoefs,2009)"

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