The Luobuzhen gold and silver epithermal deposit is located in the southwestern part of the Zhunuo ore concentration area，within the western segment of the Gangdese metallogenic belt in Tibet.This deposit，containing approximately eight tons of gold resources and associated with silver（Ag），lead（Pb），and zinc（Zn），is hosted within the continental volcanic rocks of the Pana Formation，part of the Linzizong Group.Its occurrence is controlled by a fault fracture zone exhibiting a near east-west trending.The Luobuzhen region exhibits silicification，sericitization，clay alteration，and propylitization，with ore bodies predominantly located within the intensely silicified alteration zone at the contact interface between dacite and granodiorite.The mineralization process can be divided into three distinct stages：The quartz-pyrite stage（Stage Ⅰ），the quartz-polymetallic sulfide stage（Stage Ⅱ），and the quartz-carbonate vein stage（Stage Ⅲ）.Notably，Stage Ⅱ represents the primary ore-forming phase.The formation temperatures for stages Ⅰ and Ⅱ were determined to be（366±4）℃ and （263.5±80.5）℃，respectively，using arsenopyrite thermometry.Electron probe micro-analysis（EPMA） data indicates that silver in the Luobuzhen deposit predominantly occurs in tellurite as visible silver，in silver-bearing tetrahedrite as invisible silver，and to a lesser extent in sphalerite，chalcopyrite，and pyrite.Silver is present as an isomorphic component within silver-bearing tetrahedrite，sphalerite，chalcopyrite，and pyrite，while in galena，it occurs as micro-inclusion silver.Gold predominantly exists as “invisible gold” within particulate（<50 μm） pyrite.In stage Ⅰ，gold primarily manifests as solid solution gold or lattice gold，whereas in stage Ⅱ，it is mainly found as nanoscale micro-particulate gold.The activation and concentration of metal elements in the Luobuzhen deposit are attributed to the synergistic effects of various factors，including sulfur fugacity，pH value and temperature within the fluid system.The primary mechanisms responsible for the precipitation of gold and silver are sulfuration.

The Dadiangou gold deposit，located in the Longnan region of Gansu Province，represents a typical orogenic gold deposit that has been discovered in recent years.The occurrence statusof gold significantly influences the development and utilization of these deposits，as well as the choice of metallurgical techniques for gold ore processing.To enhance the understanding of the gold occurrence within the Dadiangou deposit，this study utilizes a comprehensive array of investigative methodologies，including field surveys，reflective microscopy，and electron probe microanalysis.The findings suggest that the gold ore types at the Dadiangou gold deposit can be categorized into two primary types：Quartz vein typeand altered rock type.The gold within these ores predominantly exists as independent minerals，with the primary gold-bearing minerals being pyrite，chalcopyrite，galena，and quartz.The principal gold mineral is gold mineral，with minor occurrences of electrum and sylvanite.Gold particles within the ore manifest in four distinct forms：Fissure-filling，intergranular，inclusion，and interlocking.However，Fissure-filling has been identified as the predominant type.The particle size of gold is primarily extra micro-particulate（0.0050~0.0002 mm，42.03%） and micro-particulate（0.010~0.005 mm，28.26%）.Although micro-medium to fine grains are less，abundant，they contribute significantly to the overall resource grade due to their higher area content，accounting for 76.53%.The fineness of gold is predominantly above 900，which may be attributed to the combined influence of ore-forming fluids with a high gold-to-silver ratio and ore-forming temperatures that are medium to low.

A significant gold deposit has been identified in the northern maritime region of Sanshandao，Laizhou City.This discovery indicates that the metallogenic geological conditions for gold deposits are favorable in the eastern maritime area of Laizhou Bay，suggesting considerable potential for further mineral exploration in this region.The characteristics of the gravity field in the eastern land-sea interface of Laizhou Bay were examined utilizing the latest high-precision gravity data at a scale of 1∶200 000 for both terrestrial and marine environments.The research findings suggest that the gravity field exhibits significant volatility and a contour strip distribution.Based on these characteristics，the gravity field within the study area can be delineated into two distinct regions：The Jiaoliao Uplift anomaly area and the North China Depression anomaly area.The gravity field in the Jiaoliao Uplift anomaly area predominantly manifests in a northeast-oriented strip pattern.Gravity anomalies exhibit alternating regions of high and low altitudes.Elevated gravity anomalies correspond to high-density Precambrian metamorphic rocks，whereas low gravity anomalies are indicative of the relatively low-density Mesozoic granite bodies.The gravity field demonstrates a clumping feature in the North China Depression anomaly area，which reflects the distribution characteristics of alternating protrusions and depressions within the Yishu fault zone.The fracture tectonic system in the eastern sea area of the Changyi-Dadian fault has been delineated based on the overall characteristics of the Bouguer gravity anomaly and its site-field transition characteristics.A total of 17 fractures were identified based on the delineation results.These fractures elucidate the intersections among the faults more clearly.The primary trend of the main body fault is oriented northeast，with secondary orientations in the northwest and east-west directions.Notably，the northeast-trending fault serves as the principal ore-controlling fault in the area，and it has been disrupted by subsequent northwest-trending faults.The Sanshandao-Cangshang fault and the Diaolongzuixi fault，both exhibiting northeast trends，are of significant importance for mineral prospecting.The Sanshandao-Cangshang fault，in particular，exhibits significant potential for mineral exploration.The extension of this fault towards the southern and northern marine regions has been delineated through the application of wavelet transform on Bouguer gravity anomaly data.The fault’s overall distribution is typified by S-shaped curve and gentle wave pattern.This study offers high-precision gravity data，which can be utilized for fundamental geological research，mineral geological surveys，and gold resource exploration in the region.

In recent years，the northeastern margin of the Jiaolai Basin has emerged as a significant gold concentration zone within the Jiaodong region.This development follows the discovery of several gold deposits，such as Pengjiakuang，Liaoshang，and Xilaokou，prompting numerous geological prospecting units and scientific research institutions to intensify efforts towards achieving breakthroughs in deep-level prospecting.The Controlled Source Audio Magnetotelluric Method（CSAMT）has been prominently utilized due to its capacity to overcome the limitations of natural field source signals，offering substantial exploration depths，high resolution，and efficient observationsal capabilities.The study concurrently advances research in subsurface sounding and profiling，with recent extensive applications in mineral exploration recently.In this investigation，CSAMT was deployed in the Qianchuiliu mining area.By integrating geological data with the inversion of rock resistivity properties，we analyzed electrical characteristics and spatial features of structural alterations in the shallow subsurface at a depth of -1 000 meters.This analysis builds upon previously identified deep-seated，concealed ore-controlling structural alteration electricity features. A comprehensive analysis of the metallogenic characteristics and prospecting principles associated with the electrical structure was conducted.The findings revealed a thick，near-east-west tectonic fracture zone in the mine’s deep section of the mine.The electrical structure of the geological formation predominantly displays a three-layer configuration characterized by high-low-high resistivity from shallow to deep levels.Additionally， the top interface of the Queshan rock body demonstrates a shallow-deep-shallow trend when observed from south to north.The deep，extensive thick low-resistance fracture zone and the shallow trap low-resistance electrical body exhibit considerable potential for exploration and should be prioritized primary targets in forthcoming drilling initiatives.Controlled Source Audio-frequency Magnetotellurics （CSAMT） offers outstanding vertical resolution，facilitating accurate assessment of the structural fracture zone’s thickness，fracture development sites，and deep extensions. Furthermore，it effectively delineates the spatial distribution characteristics of the structural fracture zone and rock mass in this mining area，aligning with drilling results.The study effectively validates the “three-layer structure exploration model”and confirms the existence of the “near east-west tectonic ore-controlling model” in the Qianchuiliu mining area.CSAMT is demonstrated to be a highly effective method for gold exploration along the northeast margin of the Jiaolai Basin.

The Hetai goldfield，situated in Guangdong Province represents the largest gold mining district in South China.The confinement of the Au orebodies to mylonite zones has led to the classification of this goldfield as a prototypical example of gold mineralization associated with ductile-shear deformation.Comprehensive mineralogical analyses were performed on ore thin sections utilizing optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy（SEM），followed by electron probe microanalysis（EPMA） to determine the mineral geochemistry.In the Hetai goldfield，a significant discovery was made，identifying the presence of Cu-Zn intermetallic compounds and native Ni minerals.The Cu-Zn intermetallics exhibit a copper mass fraction ranging from 58.63% to 62.14%，with an average of 60.41%，and a zinc mass fraction ranging from 35.55% to 38.48%，with an average of 36.63%.Additionally，trace amounts of Fe，Au，and Pb were detected in the Cu-Zn intermetallic compounds.The calculated molecular formula is Cu_0.61Zn_0.37Fe_0.02，which is approximately Cu₂Zn.The native nickel（Ni） minerals exhibit a Ni mass fraction ranging from 86.33% to 87.74%，with an average of 87.26%，and an iron（Fe） content ranging from 4.56% to 5.02%，with an average of 4.72%.Additionally，these minerals contain trace amounts of sulfur（S），copper（Cu），and tellurium（Te）.The derived molecular formula，Ni_0.93Fe_0.05S_0.02，suggests the presence of iron-bearing native nickel.The genesis of copper-zinc（Cu-Zn） intermetallic compounds and native nickel within the Hetai goldfield is likely associated with deep mantle fluids and is postulated to have occurred during the initial phase of hydrothermal mineralization.This phenomenon specifically，transpired within a high-temperature environment characterized by localized deficiencies in sulfur and oxygen during the quartz-sulfide stage.These findings corroborate prior results obtained from He-Ar isotope analyses，thereby affirming the participation of a minor proportion of mantle-derived fluid in the process of gold mineralization.

The Gaosongshan gold deposit represents one of the most significant epithermal gold deposits identified in the northern Lesser Khingan Range region of northeast China.The gold orebodies are predominantly hosted within the intensely altered volcanic rocks of the Lower Cretaceous Banzifang and Ningyuancun Formations，manifesting primarily as veinlets and veins.Despite the deposit’s significance，research on the ore-bearing wall rocks remains relatively underdeveloped.To elucidate the genesis and formation ages of these rocks，comprehensive isotopic dating and elemental geochemical analyses have been undertaken.The dacite of Banzifang Formation obtained ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U surface ages ranging from 112.1 to 115.9 Ma，as deter-mined by zircon laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（LA-ICP-MS） U-Pb dating.Addi-tionally，⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar dating was conducted using multiple collector noble gas mass spectrometry with the Helix MC on plagioclase and feldspar samples collected from the andesite of the Banzifang Formation and the rhyolite of the Ningyuancun Formation within the Gaosongshan deposit，resulting in plateau ages of （111.2±0.9） Ma and （103.9±1.0） Ma，respectively.The dates，obtained through two independent geochronological methods，suggest that the wall rocks of the Gaosongshan deposit were formed during the late period of Early Cretaceous，rather than the Early Cretaceous as previously believed.Major and trace element analyses reveal that the vol-canic rocks of the Banzifang and Ningyuancun Formations exhibit similar geochemical characteristics.Both formations are characterized by high silicon content（SiO₂=62.26%~71.07%），enriched alkali（Alk=7.28~9.28），elevated aluminum levels（A/CNK=1.15~1.80），and low calcium content（CaO=0.09%~2.03%） and depeled magnesium （MgO=0.47%~3.95%） belonging to shoshonite series.The rocks exhibit an enrichment in light rare earth elements （LREE） and large ion lithophile elements，while showing a depletion in heavy rare earth elements （HREE） and high field strength elements such as Nb，Ta，and Ti，characteristics that are akin to those of arc volcanic rocks.Integrating these findings with data from previous studies，we propose that the magmatic activity closely linked to the epithermal mineralization occurred in the late period of Early Cretaceous within an extensional tectonic setting.This setting was likely initiated by the slab rollback associated with the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific oceanic plate.

The numerous lead-zinc deposits situated within clastic rocks of the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou polymetallic mineralization domain have emerged as significant targets for contemporary mineral exploration and predictive efforts，offering substantial potential for future discoveries.The Jinniuchang lead-zinc deposit is positioned in the southwestern region of this metallogenic domain.The ore body is situated within the mudstone and calcareous sandstone of the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation，distinguishing it markedly from other lead-zinc deposits in the region that are typically hosted in carbonate rocks.Investigating the genesis of this ore body is crucial for advancing the exploration and prediction of deep-seated deposits，as well as for enhancing the understanding of regional lead-zinc mineralization systems.This study undertakes a trace element analysis by systematically collecting representative metal sulfide samples.The findings indicate that：（1） Electron Probe Micro-Analyzer （EPMA） mapping and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry （ICP-MS） analyses reveal that galena within the Jinniuchang lead-zinc deposit is relatively enriched in antimony （Sb），cadmium （Cd），copper （Cu），and silver （Ag），while it is deficient in manganese （Mn），tin （Sn），arsenic （As），chromium （Cr），and nickel （Ni）.Elements such as Sn，Sb，Mn，Cu，Cd，Bi，As，and Ag predominantly occur in galena through isomorphic substitution.In contrast，sphalerite is relatively enriched in Cd，Cu，Ga，Ge，and Sb，but deficient in Mn，Sn，As，Co，Cr，and Ni.Elements including Sb，Mn，Ge，Ga，Cd，As，and Ag are primarily present in sphalerite through isomorphic substitution.（2） The rare earth element （REE） profile is marked by an enrichment of light rare earth elements （LREE） and a depletion of heavy rare earth elements （HREE），exhibiting a right-skewed distribution.Additionally，there is a negative europium （Eu） anomaly and a weak negative cerium （Ce） anomaly，which are generally consistent with the geological characteristics of the Kunyang Group.This suggests that the ore-forming materials predominantly originate from the folded basement of the Kunyang Group.（3） The trace element composition and depositional characteristics of the deposit closely resemble those of typical Huize-type （HZT） lead-zinc deposits in the region，classifying it as an HZT-type deposit.Employing a large-scale “four-step” prospecting methodology is appropriate for conducting prospecting and predictive analyses.The findings of this research offer novel insights for the in-depth and peripheral exploration of analogous deposits in the region.Furthermore，they provide a theoretical foundation for advancing the study of the lead-zinc metallogenic system within the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou metallogenic domain.

The sulfide minerals present in the tailings of metal mines substantially influence the strength of backfill materials.This study aims to comprehensively investigate the mechanical properties of backfill composed of sulfur-containing and desulfurized tailings.For this purpose，sulfur-containing tailings sourced from a mine and desulfurized tailings processed through industrial trials were utilized as the aggregate in the backfill.Cement served as the binding agent in the preparation of backfill specimens.To evaluate the mechanical performance，uniaxial compression and Brazilian splitting tests were conducted，facilitating a comparative analysis of the desulfurized and sulfur-containing backfill specimens.The research examines the impact of varying cement-sand ratios，solid content concentrations，and curing age on the compressive strength of two types of backfill materials.Furthermore，quantitative relationships among these variables were derived by fitting the experimental data，and the sensitivity of each factor was assessed.The findings reveal that：（1）The com-pressive strength of desulfurized tailings backfill consistently exceeds that of sulfur-containing tailings backfill.The uniaxial compressive strength of desulfurized tailings exhibits an average increase ranging from 2.02% to 14.12% compared to sulfur-containing tailings，while the tensile strength demonstrates an enhan-cement between 7.64% and 58.45%.（2）At a curing age of 28 days and a cement-sand ratio of 1∶8，the uniaxial compressive strength of sulfur-containing tailings remains relatively unchanged with increasing mass concentration.In contrast，the strength of desulfurized tailings backfill displays a distinct upward trend.（3）At a cement-sand ratio of 1∶4，the compressive strength of both sulfur-containing and desulfurized backfill exhibits an increase with higher slurry concentrations after a 60-day curing age；however，this increase is less pronounced compared to the 28-day curing age.Conversely，when the cement-sand ratio is decreased to 1∶8，the strength enhancement of sulfur-containing and desulfurized backfill after 60 days surpasses that observed after 28 days.（4） The reduction in sulfide content enhances the chemical stability of desulfurized tailings，thereby improving the mechanical properties of the backfill.（5） The strength of the backfill is most significantly influenced by curing age，followed by the cement-to-sand ratio，with mass concentration having the least impact.（6） Under constant conditions，the strength of both sulfur-containing and desulfurized backfill exhibits an exponential growth trend with increasing curing age，achieving a goodness of fit value of 0.9 or higher.The study demonstrates a linear growth pattern in relation to the increase in mass concentration，evidenced by a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.94 or higher.This paper aims to offer a practical reference of significance for understanding the developmental behavior of the mechanical properties of sulfur-containing and desulfurization tailings backfill.

To investigate the damage characteristics of the mesoscopic and microscopic pore structures of sandstone subjected to freeze-thaw cycles in cold regions，and to offer theoretical support for construction projects in these areas，the authors selected sandstone with a pronounced freeze-thaw response as the experimental subject.Utilizing nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） technology，the study obtained porosity data and T₂ distribution curve characteristics of sandstone across varying freeze-thaw cycles.This study examines the alterations in mass of rocks subjected to freezing and thawing cycles，focusing on changes in rock porosity，pore structure，and aperture distribution.Additionally，it investigates the freeze-thaw responses of various pore content types.Utilizing fractal theory and the Coats permeability model，the authors quantitatively characterize the pore structure of rocks affected by freeze-thaw processes.The research establishes the interrelationships among different pore structures，pore fractal dimensions，permeability，and porosity，ultimately identifying the pore types most significantly influencing freeze-thaw damage.The findings indicate that the rock mass exhibits a non-linear increase in response to the number of freeze-thaw cycles，with trends associated with macro disruptions.The T₂ distribution curve reveals that the pore size of the sandstone follows a three-peak distribution.Furthermore，both the porosity and the peak value of the T₂ distribution increase as the number of freeze-thaw cycles rises.However，the inconsistency between the freeze-thaw cycles and the changes in peak area and peak value can be attributed to the imbalance between the rate of pore initiation and the rate of pore expansion within the rock，in which the volume of small pores （T₂<3 ms） exhibited dynamic stability，whereas the volumes of medium pores （3 ms<T₂<33 ms） and macropores （T₂>33 ms） increased linearly.Notably，the expansion rate from small to medium pores exceeded that from medium to large pores.To comprehensively characterize the evolution of freeze-thaw damage，we employed integral fractal dimension，segmental fractal dimension，and permeability in our pore quantification analysis.The fractal dimension exhibits a negative correlation with the number of freeze-thaw cycles，wherein the fractal dimension of macropores （D_b） decreases linearly with increasing porosity.This suggests that rock damage due to freeze-thaw processes is primarily attributable to the behavior of free water within macropores.Conversely，permeability，a parameter employed to characterize freeze-thaw damage in pore throats，demonstrates a positive correlation with the number of freeze-thaw cycles，and it is negatively correlated with the fractal dimension of the macropores due to the expansion of large pores and connected pore throats induced by freeze-thaw effects.This expansion facilitates the migration of free water between the pores and pore throats，thereby enhancing the connectivity of the rock pore structures and subsequently increasing the specimen’s permeability.

In order to enhance the precision of short-term rockburst risk prediction during the excavation of deep hard rock，a prediction methodology utilizing microseismic（MS） information was investigated.An analysis was conducted on the correlation between MS parameters and rockburst risk levels using 103 sets of MS sample data.Six MS parameters were identified as predictive indices：The number of MS events （N），MS energy （E），MS apparent volume （V），event rate（NR），energy rate（ER），and apparent volume rate（VR）.We introduce a novel approach for forecasting short-term rockburst risk levels utilizing the CatBoost integrated learning algorithm.The model parameters of CatBoost were optimized using particle swarm optimization（PSO）.Following the construction of the model and the assessment of various performance metrics，the proposed method demonstrated superior test accuracy，reaching up to 90%，compared to other models employed in this study，including CatBoost，random forest，XGBoost，backpropagation neural network，and logistic regression algorithms，the proposed method demonstrated improvements of 9%，4%，9%，19% and 14%，respectively.Subsequently，the method was applied to seven challenging hard rock engineering cases，including the Qinling tunnel，the Xinjiang Ashele copper mine，the New Jersey hydroelectric tunnel in Pakistan，and the Jinping Ⅱ hydropower station，for validation purposes.The predicted outcomes were in alignment with the actual results.In comparison to similar methodologies，the prediction accuracy and engineering applicability of this model were superior，offering a scientific reference for short-term rockburst risk level prediction during deep underground engineering construction.

The formulation of blasting plans frequently necessitates consulting the experiences of similar pro-jects to enhance the execution of blasting operations.However，the application of blasting techniques in exca-vation activities is frequently accompanied by challenges such as rock damage，over-excavation，and under-ex-cavation.These issues can compromise the stability of the rock mass，consequently impacting the overall safety and reliability of the project.A widely adopted technique for effectively managing the directional propagation of cracks during blasting operations，thereby ensuring the desired blasting outcome，involves the strategic place-ment of guide holes surrounding the blast hole.To further investigate the variations in the guiding efficacy of different types of guide holes，this study employs the *MAT_JOHNSON_HOLMQUIST_CERAMICS cons-titutive model within the LS-DYNA software for simulation，building upon prior research.The objective of this model is to forecast the mechanical behavior of brittle materials，including ceramics and polymethyl metha-crylate，under extreme conditions such as high strain rates，elevated pressures，and impact loads.This model facilitates the analysis of crack propagation effects in polymethyl methacrylate plates subjected to explosive loads，specifically examining the influence of varying guide hole configurations.Additionally，it enables a more in-depth investigation into the guiding effect on crack propagation by altering the spacing between blast holes and guide holes.This study investigates the influence of various guide hole configurations on crack propagation control by analyzing the morphological differences of blasting cracks and examining the temporal stress history curves at multiple measurement points on the walls of different guide holes.The findings indicate that polymethyl methacrylate with guide holes facilitates crack penetration more effectively than those without，with grooved guide holes demonstrating superior penetration efficacy compared to circular guide holes.A detailed examination of the stress alterations surrounding the guide hole reveals the presence of a stress concentration phenomenon in this region.Compressive stress manifests on both sides of the line connecting the guide hole and the blast hole，facilitating the extension of cracks around the guide hole.The stress levels on either side of a grooved guide hole are notably higher compared to those of a circular guide hole，thereby exerting a more pronounced influence on crack propagation.Additionally，the circular guide hole demonstrates a superior guiding effect on crack propagation compared to scenarios lacking a guide hole.Similar to the indoor test results，the feasibility of this simulation method has been verified.

The extraction of mineral resources through techniques such as the room-and-pillar method in underground metal mines results in the formation of numerous goafs，which can readily lead to pillar deformation and roof collapse，thereby creating significant safety hazards.Furthermore，the collapse of goafs can induce mining-related seismic events，water inrush，and mud inrush，posing substantial risks to both personnel and equipment.Conducting precise risk assessments of goaf stability is fundamental for comprehending and managing these risks，which is essential for effective disaster prevention and mitigation.Consequently，performing precise stability risk assessments for goaves is crucial for effective risk management.Addressing the complexities posed by numerous influencing factors and the challenges associated with quantitative assessment in goaf stability analysis，this study introduces a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation approach that integrates the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory （DEMATEL） and Interpretive Structural Modeling （ISM） methodologies.Initially，the factors influencing goaf stability were identified through a comprehensive approach involving field investigations，literature review，and consultations with experts.An initial screening process identified fifteen risk factors associated with rock mass structure，goaf morphology，and environmental impact.Subsequently，twelve critical risk factors were determined，encompassing geological structure，rock mass properties，in-situ stress，groundwater conditions，goaf volume，shape，span，temporal effects，effects of adjacent goafs，mining disturbances，support conditions，and natural disasters.This led to the development of a systematic framework for evaluating goaf stability.Utilizing DEMATEL and ISM analysis，this study investigated the intricate interrelationships among influencing factors to develop a hierarchical framework for goaf stability determinants.An oriented hierarchical structure diagram was constructed to facilitate the classification and weighting of these factors，enabling the calculation of each factor’s significance within the evaluation system.Subsequently，these weights were integrated into a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation system，culminating in the formulation of an innovative model for assessing and grading goaf stability.This model provides management guidelines from an intrinsic safety standpoint，with the objective of fundamentally mitigating the risk of accidents. Through a case study of the 36-2 goaf at the 930-meter level of a lead-zinc mine，the primary influencing factors and direct causes of goaf instability were identified，and the complexity of goaf incidents was thoroughly analyzed.Consequently，the goaf received a stability evaluation rating of “good”. In conclusion，the stability of the goaf was analyzed using the FLAC^3D numerical simulation software.A mine-scale FLAC^3D model was developed to assess the differential stress distribution and failure mechanisms of the rock mass above the goaf，thereby validating the accuracy of the goaf stability classification model.The findings indicate that the goaf stability evaluation model introduced in this study demonstrates high applicability and accuracy.This method mitigates subjectivity in the weight determination process inherent in traditional fuzzy comprehensive evaluation techniques，while simultaneously accounting for a comprehensive range of factors influencing goaf stability.Consequently，this research offers a novel approach to evaluating goaf stability，which may serve as a valuable reference for the stability assessment of goafs in metal mining contexts.

This paper examines the issue of asymmetrical pressure at the entrance of a super-large section flat structure mine tunnel.The study employs numerical simulations，utilizing the finite difference software FLAC^3D，to analyze a proposed backfilling scheme.The simulations consider the impact of varying excavation sequences in double-line tunnels on the asymmetrical pressure problem.Consequently，numerical models were developed to examine four distinct excavation strategies：Unbackfilled with the left line excavated first，unbackfilled with the right line excavated first，backfilled with the left line excavated first，and backfilled with the right line excavated first.By analyzing the distribution of plastic zones，as well as the vertical and horizontal displa-cements of the tunnels under these varying excavation strategies，the feasibility of the backfilling approach was assessed and validated.The backfilling scheme effectively addresses the issue of uniform settlement of the surrounding rock under biased conditions，thereby mitigating the horizontal displacement of the tunnel vault and the horizontal convergence of the sidewall，ultimately enhancing the stability of the surrounding rock.The stress distribution within the tunnel’s surrounding rock follows the pattern of “arch foot>sidewall>arch floor>vault” with stress concentrations occurring at the arch foot and the vault being prone to tensile failure，which reflects the stress characteristics of the surrounding rock in super-large section flat structure tunnels.The implementation of a backfilling scheme mitigates issues related to loosening at the vault and asymmetrical stress distribution at the arch footings.Based on an analysis of surrounding rock deformation，the concept of secondary deformation is introduced，allowing for a comparative assessment of the secondary impacts of various excavation sequences on the tunnel.The findings indicate that，for the tunnels under study，the optimal excavation sequence post-backfilling is to first excavate the left line followed by the right line.Conversely，the optimal sequence prior to backfilling involves first excavating the right line and then the left line.The results of the final comprehensive evaluation indicate that initiating excavation on the deeply buried side of the tunnel post-backfilling significantly reduces the deformation of the surrounding rock.Based on numerical simulation outcomes，appropriate reinforcement measures are recommended for practical construction applications.Furthermore，an in-depth analysis of the stress distribution characteristics of the surrounding rocks and supporting structures in super-large section flat structure tunnels is conducted in conjunction with the on-site construction plan.The monitoring data closely align with the numerical simulation results regarding the deformation observed around the periphery of the tunnel’s cross-section.This congruence confirms the accuracy of the numerical model developed in this study and underscores the viability of the proposed optimized construction scheme.The findings presented herein offer theoretical support and serve as a data reference for the design and construction of the entrance bias section in super-large section flat structure tunnels.

To achieve the “dual carbon” goals and establish a green mining system characterized by low carbon emissions and environmental sustainability，a new hybrid material composed of MIL-101 and mesoporous silica was successfully synthesized using an in-situ method.This study investigates the CO₂ adsorption performance and application potential of the material.By employing SBA-15 with ordered mesopores as a structural guiding agent，the directional growth of MIL-101 crystals was controlled，thereby restricting the expansion of the skeleton.Consequently，a comprehensive microporous/mesoporous hierarchical composite was obtained.The crystalline properties，microstructure，and pore architecture of the composites were examined using X-ray diffraction（XRD），scanning electron microscopy（SEM），and nitrogen adsorption desorption analysis.The experimental findings indicate that the integration of the two compounds does not alter their fundamental structures，including the skeletal configuration and pore structure.Notably，the pore volume of the composite increased from 0.428 cm³/g to 0.540 cm³/g，and the average pore size expanded from 3.059 nm to 7.817 nm，attributed to the introduction of uniformly slender pore channels within the SBA-15 framework.Under the conditions of 298 K and 100 kPa，the composite exhibited an adsorption capacity of 1.53962 mmol/g，demonstrating a substantial storage capability for pure CO₂ gas.Compared with MOFs monomer material，the mass transfer rate of the composite material increased significantly，from 1.860×10^-6 mmol·m^-3·s^-1 to 1.159×10^-5 mmol·m^-3·s^-1.Due to the heterogeneous distribution of adsorption energy on the surface of the composite material，the Freundlich equation provides a more accurate representation of the adsorption results compared to the Langmuir equation.The correlation coefficient（R²） of 0.9997 suggests that the adsorption behavior of the material aligns with multi-layer，non-ideal adsorption on a heterogeneous surface.Furthermore，the maximum variation in adsorption capacity after five cycles is less than 3%，indicating that in the material can be effectively recycled following mild treatment，thereby demonstrating promising potential for engineering applications.

In recent years，the depletion of easily accessible gold resources has necessitated a shift in gold mining towards more challenging deposits.Within China’s gold industrial reserves，carbonaceous gold deposits are estimated to exceed 4 000 metric tons，comprising approximately 8% of the total resource reserves and accounting for over 20% of the currently exploited and proven gold reserves.To address the challenges of gold loss and encapsulation in carbonaceous gold ore，an integrated approach involving roasting，magnetic separation，and leaching of carbonaceous gold concentrate and iron oxide has been proposed.The procedure initially employs a vacuum tube furnace for the roasting pretreatment，followed by the utilization of a digital display manual powder tablet press to form the mixture of Fe₂O₃ and carbonized gold concentrate into a cake-like structure.Subsequently，a weak magnetic separator is used to isolate the strongly magnetic material from the gold concentrate，resulting in the production of iron concentrate.This study also investigated the primary factors influencing the roasting process and elucidated the reaction mechanisms between carbonaceous minerals and sulfide minerals in carbonaceous gold deposits.The findings indicate that，under the conditions where the mass ratio of carbonaceous gold concentrate to iron oxide is 1∶10，the roasting temperature is maintained at 1 100 ℃，the regrinding fineness ratio of particles smaller than 0.074 mm is approximately 100%，and the magnetic field intensity is set at 0.20 T，the average gold leaching rate achieves 81.60%，while the iron recovery rate reaches 97.27%.During the roasting process，the carbonates and FeS₂ present in the carbonaceous gold deposit facilitate the reduction of Fe₂O₃ to Fe₃O₄，concurrently，the carbonates are transformed into inorganic carbon and CO₂，and the desulfurization of FeS₂ results in the formation of FeS and S₂.The collaborative roasting pretreatment technology addresses the issue of “gold robbing” by carbonaceous minerals and the encapsulation of gold within sulfide and hematite matrices.This approach offers a novel research perspective for the safe and resource-efficient utilization of cyanide red slag.Furthermore，it establishes a theoretical basis for optimizing and enhancing the integrated technology of collaborative roasting，magnetic separation，and leaching processes applied to carbonaceous gold concentrate and cyanide red slag.

In the intricate setting of mining operations，identifying foreign objects on conveyor belts transporting high-magnetic ore is hindered by significant scene interference and substantial recognition challenges.To address the issues of frequent loss of foreign object edge information and the considerable difficulty in achieving real-time，high-speed responses in high-magnetic environments，we propose an image recognition and detection methodology grounded in deep learning techniques.Initially，a dataset of foreign objects on conveyor belts is constructed.To address the issue of image blurring，which arises from the high-speed operation of the belt conveyor and the limited data acquisition frequency of industrial cameras，the dark channel defogging technique is employed to preprocess the data，thereby enhancing image clarity.Subsequently，the core architecture of YOLOV8 is refined by incorporating a dynamic attention mechanism and substituting standard convolution with snake convolution.The dynamic attention mechanism enables the model to dynamically allocate focus during input data processing.Concurrently，the integration of snake convolution in place of traditional convolution，in conjunction with C2f，significantly enhances the model’s capacity to process image details.This unique structure facilitates the capture of a broader spectrum of local and global features，thereby substantially reducing the model’s rates of false positives and missed detections concerning buried foreign objects.In conclusion，the YOLOV8 architecture has been enhanced through the integration of a dynamic detection head，which allows for flexible adaptation to multi-scale and multi-directional detection requirements.This modification aims to improve the model’s adaptability and optimize the reduction of computational parameters，thereby significantly enhancing its real-time performance in complex environments.Experimental results demonstrate that the model achieves an average detection accuracy of 96.4%，a recall rate of 91%，and an average detection time of merely 29 milliseconds.The algorithm presented in this paper de-monstrates an enhancement in average detection accuracy and recall by 5.2% and 6.2%，respectively，compared to the original network，thereby confirming its efficacy.This improved algorithm adequately satisfies the demands for precise detection and real-time performance in the context of mine belt transportation，offering substantial support for advancing mine safety management and operational efficiency.

Autonomous driving technology plays a crucial role in the development of smart mines，with its primary challenge being the safe navigation of vehicles within the intricate and dynamic environments of open-pit mines.Mining roads are frequently characterized by a high density of diverse obstacles，including rockslides，water pits，and ruts，which present in various forms and are widely dispersed.These conditions pose substantial safety risks to the autonomous operation of mining vehicles.At present，although numerous road obstacle detection algorithms have been proposed，their detection accuracy is frequently constrained by the distinctive conditions present in open-pit mines，thereby hindering their ability to satisfy practical application requirements.This study presents a road obstacle detection algorithm for open-pit mines based on RT-DETR.The algorithm integrates the RepViT network within the encoder phase to augment the model’s feature extraction capabilities，thereby facilitating a more precise capture of the characteristic information of road obstacles.In the decoder section，the algorithm employs channel compression pruning techniques，which significantly decrease the model’s computational complexity and enhance detection speed.Furthermore，it incorporates the RepAttC3 module，augmented with an attention mechanism，thereby enhancing the model’s capability to detect multi-scale and small target obstacles.To evaluate the algorithm’s efficacy，a dataset comprising road obstacle images from various mines，seasons，and scenarios was assembled，specifically focusing on open-pit mine road obstacles.The experimental findings indicate that the algorithm exhibits superior performance in identifying road obstacles within open-pit mines，achieving an average detection accuracy of 92.7%，a comprehensive detection accuracy of 96.6%，and a detection speed of 12.3 milliseconds.In comparison to existing road obstacle detection algorithms，the proposed algorithm demonstrates distinct advantages in detecting multi-scale and small target obstacles，thereby offering more precise and efficient obstacle detection for vehicles operating in open-pit mining environments.It offers robust technical support for the development of autonomous driving technology in open-pit mines，further advancing the progress of smart mine construction.