Rare earth elements are widely used in China’s industry and agriculture.They are important non renewable resources and are known as “industrial vitamins”.In recent years，with the rapid development of China’s economy and society，the demand for rare earth is also increasing.In pursuit of economic benefits，rare earth mining has left many abandoned rare earth mines.The serious damage of surface vegetation has led to serious environmental problems such as soil erosion and debris flow，which has gradually attracted the attention of the state and all walks of life.In order to understand the key factors that affect the governance effect of abandoned rare earth mines，provide scientific advice for the development of the governance of abandoned rare earth mines，this paper carried out research on the factors affecting the governance effect of abandoned rare earth mines. In the aspects of natural endowment，mining activities，environmental pollution，vulnerability of land resources，landscape ecology，treatment engineering，management technology and policy response，the influencing factors index system had been built to analyze treatment effect of abandoned rare earth mine.Based on the interpretative structural model （ISM），the direct influence relationship between indicators was analyzed，and the hierarchical structure of influencing factors was constructed.The influence of each index on the treatment effect of abandoned rare earth mine was analyzed from three aspects of impact factor，middle indirect influence factor and deep fundamental influence factor.Then，the relationship between the indicators had been put forward to build analytic hierarchy process model （ANP）.And the main index factors of abandoned rare earth mine governance were found by calculating the weight influencing factors.The results show that the index system of influencing factors on the treatment effect of abandoned rare earth mines can be divided into complex system with 10 levels of hierarchical structure，which can be divided into three levels：Direct influencing factors of surface layer，indirect influencing factors of intermediate layer and fundamental influencing factors of deep layer.Mining area，main mining methods，mining time， mining activities，area ratio of soil and water loss under landscape ecology，and treatment project accounted for more than 0.05，which were the main factors affecting the treatment effect of abandoned rare earth mines.Based on the research results，the tie line project and work supervision are located in the key position of the hierarchical structure model，connecting the preceding with the following，playing an important connectivity role in the governance work，which needs the management department to pay more attention to.The mining activities and landscape ecological criteria layer occupy the largest weight among all the criteria layers，so the regulatory authorities should strengthen the supervision of rare earth mining and land resources damage，do a good job in source control，and pay attention to the restoration of land resources in abandoned rare earth mining areas，so as to prevent the further deterioration of environmental problems of abandoned rare earth mines and accelerate the green development of abandoned rare earth mines.