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黄金科学技术, 2019, 27(5): 678-686 doi: 10.11872/j.issn.1005-2518.2019.05.678

矿产勘查与资源评价

东准噶尔卡拉麦里辉长岩斜锆石U-Pb年代学及其构造意义

于漫,1, 第鹏飞2

1. 甘肃省国土资源规划研究院,甘肃 兰州 730000

2. 甘肃省矿产资源储量评审中心,甘肃 兰州 730000

Baddeleyite U-Pb Geochronology and Tectonic Significance of the Gabbro in Kalamaili, Eastern Junggar

YU Man,1, DI Pengfei2

1. Gansu Institute of Land Resources Planning and Research, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China

2. Gansu Assessment Center of Mineral Resources Reserves, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China

收稿日期: 2018-10-29   修回日期: 2019-04-29   网络出版日期: 2019-10-29

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金项目“东昆仑造山带夏日哈木岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床成矿机制的流体组成
多元同位素制约”.  41872073
“峨眉山大火成岩省钒钛磁铁矿矿床成矿机制的流体组成制约”.  41472070
甘肃省科技计划项目“金川铜镍硫化物矿床成矿过程Mg-Sr-Nd-Hf-O同位素组成示踪”.  18JR3RA266
兰州大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金“金川Ni-Cu硫化物矿床成矿过程的Mg同位素组成示踪”.  lzujbky-2017-77

Received: 2018-10-29   Revised: 2019-04-29   Online: 2019-10-29

作者简介 About authors

于漫(1973-),女,吉林伊通人,工程师,从事矿产与土地资源规划工作379804002@qq.com , E-mail:379804002@qq.com

摘要

卡拉麦里蛇绿岩带是东准噶尔重要的组成部分,该蛇绿岩带沿卡拉麦里山呈NWW向展布,延伸约400 km,主要由橄榄岩、辉长岩、斜长花岗岩和少量的硅质岩组成。选取蛇绿岩带西段呈团块状出露的辉长岩斜锆石进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石 U-Pb 测年得出,辉长岩谐和年龄为(434.4±2.7) Ma(MSWD=0.87),加权平均年龄为(436.4±2.5) Ma(MSWD=0.59),属早志留世。截至目前,该年龄是卡拉麦里蛇绿混杂岩中测得的最早年龄,标志着卡拉麦里洋盆在早志留世就已经开始拉张形成,即在扎河坝—阿尔曼太蛇绿岩所代表的洋盆闭合前,卡拉麦里洋盆就已经存在。

关键词: 蛇绿岩 ; 辉长岩 ; 斜锆石 ; 早志留世 ; 卡拉麦里 ; 东准噶尔

Abstract

The Kalamaili ophiolite belt is an important component of East Junggar.It extends along the Kalamaili Mountains in NWW direction, extending about 400 km.It is an important tectonic unit in the region. The opening and closing of oceanic separation represented by the ophiolite belt is of great significance to the tectonic evolution of the whole east Junggar region.Previous studies on the age of ophiolite have mainly come from the fossil age of siliceous rocks and the zircon U-Pb age of diabase, gabbro and baddeleyite granite. However,there are few reports on the age of baddeleyite in ophiolite.The Kalamaili ophiolite is mainly composed of peridotite,gabbro,plagiogranite and a small amount of siliceous rock, controlled by the Kalamaili fault, which makes gabbro appear as tectonic block and accompanied by peridotite.Gabbro belongs to the large class of silica-unsaturated rocks. Baddeleyite coexists steadily with pyroxene and olivine, while zircon belongs to silica-saturated, supersaturated minerals and gabbro. The crystallization of baddeleyitee is earlier than that of zircon, which is more representative of the true age of formation of rocks. Therefore, in this study, more than 200 baddeleyite were selected from fresh gabbro exposed in massive form in the western part of ophiolite belt, and 80 of them were selected to make targets and take transparent, reflective and cathodoluminescent photographs.Since baddeleyites are black in the cathodoluminescent photographs, LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating was carried out at the selected testing sites of the transparent and reflective photographs, and 16 years of good harmony were obtained.Age data ranged from 431 Ma to 444 Ma. The harmonic age of rock 207Pb/235U-206Pb/238U is (434.4+2.7)Ma (MSWD=0.87) and the weighted average age of 206Pb/238U is (436.4+2.5)Ma (MSWD=0.59) calculated by ISOPLOT software. The two ages are consistent within the error range, indicating that the gabbro was formed in early Silurian.Up to now, this age is the earliest one found in the Karamari ophiolitic melange, which indicates that the Karamari oceanic basin began to stretch and form in the early Silurian.That is, the Karamari oceanic basin existed before the closure of the oceanic basin represented by the Zhaheba-Aermantai ophiolite in the north of the basin.

Keywords: ophiolite ; gabbro ; diagonal zircon ; Early Silurian ; Kalamaili ; eastern Junggar

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本文引用格式

于漫, 第鹏飞. 东准噶尔卡拉麦里辉长岩斜锆石U-Pb年代学及其构造意义[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2019, 27(5): 678-686 doi:10.11872/j.issn.1005-2518.2019.05.678

YU Man, DI Pengfei. Baddeleyite U-Pb Geochronology and Tectonic Significance of the Gabbro in Kalamaili, Eastern Junggar[J]. Gold Science and Technology, 2019, 27(5): 678-686 doi:10.11872/j.issn.1005-2518.2019.05.678

中亚造山带(Central Asian Orogenic Belt,CAOB)是世界上最大的显生宙增生型造山带之一,因其复杂的多期次俯冲—碰撞一直为地质学家所关注[1,2,3,4]。东准噶尔卡拉麦里造山带是中亚造山带中重要的构造单元之一,经历了长期而复杂的构造演化[5,6,7]。卡拉麦里蛇绿岩带沿卡拉麦里山呈NWW向展布,延伸约为400 km,其一直被认为是中亚造山带构造格架中非常重要的构造单元,为解决准噶尔地区岩浆演化及地质构造历史等重大问题提供了重要的研究依据。

近年来,很多学者对卡拉麦里洋盆的形成时间[8,9,10,11,12],出露的花岗岩[13,14]、辉长岩和辉绿岩[15,16,17,18,19,20]的岩石学、年代学等进行了大量研究,但对该洋盆的形成及演化时代仍存在争议。何国琦等[21]通过测定蛇绿岩中辉长岩40Ar/39Ar年龄认为洋盆形成始于前寒武纪;舒良树等[18]通过硅质岩中的化石年代认为其扩张早于晚泥盆世;李现冰[22]通过测定蛇绿岩中玄武岩和斜长花岗岩的锆石年代认为洋盆自晚志留—早泥盆世就已经开始扩张。

对卡拉麦里蛇绿岩已有大量的年代学测试研究,却鲜有斜锆石的发现和报道。斜锆石(ZrO2)为岩浆结晶成因,具简单结构和单一成分,是硅不饱和镁铁质—超镁铁质岩的碱性岩中的主要含Zr副矿物相[23],其U-Pb含量较高,而非放射成因的初始普通Pb含量却很低,因此斜锆石非常适合进行U-Pb同位素测年,容易得到比较精确且地质意义明确的U-Pb同位素年龄[24]。本文对卡拉麦里蛇绿岩辉长岩中的斜锆石进行形态学和U-Pb年代学研究,以期得到更精准且具代表性的年龄,为卡拉麦里蛇绿岩的形成时代提供有力证据。

1 地质背景

东准噶尔造山带位于中亚造山带南缘,地处哈萨克斯坦与西伯利亚两大板块的结合部位。卡拉麦里蛇绿岩位于东准噶尔南部,走向为NWW向,全长约为400 km,宽度为5~15 km,呈西宽东窄的楔状[25]图1)。

图1

图1   东准噶尔卡拉麦里地区区域地质图

(a)据文献[25,26,27,28,29]修改;(b)据库普幅、卡姆斯特幅、卡拉麦里山幅1/20万地质图资料修编,图中部分年龄据文献[9,16-17,30]F1-卡拉麦里断裂;F2-清水—苏吉泉断裂

图1(a)图例:1.中生代—新生代;2.二叠系;3.石炭系;4.泥盆系;5.奥陶—志留系;6.石炭—二叠纪花岗岩;7.志留—泥盆纪花岗岩;8.闪长岩;9.蛇绿岩;10.基性—超基性岩;11.国界线;图1(b)图例:1.泥盆系;2.早石炭世姜巴斯套组;3.早石炭世山梁砾石组;4.石炭纪巴塔玛依内山组;5.晚石炭世石钱滩组;6.流纹斑岩;7.花岗岩;8.斜长花岗岩;9.石英闪长岩;10.蛇绿岩;11.采样位置

Fig.1   Regional geological map of Kalamaili, East Junggar


蛇绿岩周边主要出露有泥盆—二叠系,泥盆系主要为滨海—浅海相的一套砂岩、砾岩、灰岩及少量的火山岩和火山碎屑岩,至下石炭统逐渐转换为陆相沉积,主要为一套火山岩、火山碎屑岩及砂岩,其后又转换为海陆交互相—滨海相的砂岩、泥岩和灰岩,然后再次转换为湖相或陆相沉积。区内火山岩较为发育,泥盆纪为海相杂色凝灰岩,早石炭世早—中期主要为凝灰岩、凝灰质角砾岩及少量的玄武岩和安山岩,早石炭世晚期至晚石炭世火山岩喷发最为强烈,从基性到酸性均有出露。区内出露的侵入岩主要为形成于后碰撞构造环境中的I型花岗岩和A型花岗岩。

卡拉麦里蛇绿岩带分布于新疆准噶尔盆地东北缘,卡拉麦里大断裂的北侧,主要由橄榄岩、辉长岩、斜长花岗岩和少量的硅质岩组成。受卡拉麦里断裂控制,辉长岩呈构造岩块状产出,同时与橄榄岩伴生产出,岩石较新鲜,无强烈变形现象。

2 辉长岩地质及岩石学特征

本次研究的辉长岩体为卡拉麦里蛇绿岩的一部分,出露于研究区的东部,与晚志留—早泥盆世红柳沟组(S3D1h)、泥盆纪卡拉麦里组(D1-3kl)、早石炭世姜巴斯套组(C1j)、山梁砾石组(C1sl)、巴塔玛依内山组(C1-2bt)和塔木岗组(C1t)呈构造侵入接触,与早三叠世尖山沟组(T1 js)呈角度不整合接触。其周围约有面积达3.1 km2的超基性岩体出露。

辉长岩手标本特征:灰色—黑灰色,辉长结构,块状构造。镜下鉴定特征:主要由辉石(55%~60%)、斜长石(25%~30%)、角闪石(1%~5%)和黑云母(1%~5%)组成,其中辉石呈半自形柱状,粒径约为4.0 mm×1.0 mm,可见少量绿泥石化;斜长石呈板条状,粒径约为2.0 mm×1.0 mm;角闪石呈半自形条状;黑云母呈黑色片状(图2)。

图2

图2   辉长岩野外及镜下照片

(a),(b)辉长岩野外照片,呈团块状出露;(c)辉长岩单偏光镜下照片;(d)辉长岩正交偏光镜下照片

Aug-辉石;Pl-斜长石

Fig.2   Microscopic and field photos of gabbro


3 斜锆石U-Pb年代学特征

3.1 测试方法

从辉长岩中挑选出来的斜锆石颗粒长宽比为2/3~1/2,自形程度较差,多为次棱角状,少数为次圆状,颗粒边部多呈港湾状。在透反射图像中,部分颗粒可见裂纹。在CL(阴极发光)图像下,斜锆石颜色发黑,显示不清楚,无岩浆环带发育。

辉长岩斜锆石在河北省区域地质矿产研究所实验室进行分选、制靶、抛磨,然后在兰州大学西部矿产资源重点实验室完成斜锆石的显微照相(反射光和透射光)和斜锆石阴极发光(CL)照相。斜锆石U-Pb同位素分析使用的仪器为Agilent 7700X电感耦合等离子质谱仪和193 nm激光取样系统(LA-ICP-MS)。原始数据同位素比值以标准锆石91500为外标,用GLITTER软件进行处理,然后进行铅校正,最后用Isoplot程序进行绘图。

3.2 斜锆石形成年代

本文样品采自卡拉麦里蛇绿岩套内以构造岩块状出露的辉长岩中,室内测试在兰州大学西部矿产资源重点实验室完成,测试选取了30个斜锆石样品颗粒(斜锆石在阴极发光照片中呈黑色,故参考锆石的透、反射照片选择测试点,图3中列出了部分锆石照片),利用LA-ICP-MS法进行U-Pb定年,得到的23个有效数据(表1)中,由谐和性较好的16个数据得出谐和年龄为(432.4±2.7) Ma(MSWD=0.87),加权平均年龄为(436.4±2.5)(MSWD=0.59),两者差距仅为2 Ma,均属早志留世(图4)。还有7个数据在直方图300 Ma附近显示为峰值,该值可能代表某次斜锆石(ZrO2)在SiO2(中酸性岩浆或含SiO2流体)参与下向锆石(ZrSiO4)转变的变质事件的时间,具体形成原因还需进一步深入研究。

图3

图3   斜锆石反射光、透射光及阴极发光照片

Fig.3   Photos of baddeleyite reflected light, transmitted light and cathode luminescence


表1   辉长岩斜锆石U-Pb测年数据

Table 1  U-Pb dating data of gabbro baddeleyite

样品编号同位素比值表面年龄/Ma
207Pb/235U1σ206Pb/238U1σ207Pb/235U1σ206Pb/238U1σ
14KL-5斜-010.5340.0120.070.00143584375
14KL-5斜-020.5250.0070.0710.00142954445
14KL-5斜-030.5350.0060.070.00143544395
14KL-5斜-040.5380.0070.070.00143744375
14KL-5斜-050.530.0070.0690.00143254315
14KL-5斜-060.5130.0060.0710.00142144425
14KL-5斜-070.5230.0070.0690.00142744325
14KL-5斜-080.5250.0070.070.00142944365
14KL-5斜-090.5330.0090.0710.00143464405
14KL-5斜-100.5310.0080.070.00143354375
14KL-5斜-110.5260.0070.0690.00142954315
14KL-5斜-120.5340.0070.070.00143554375
14KL-5斜-130.5220.0080.070.00142754355
14KL-5斜-140.5270.0090.0690.00143064325
14KL-5斜-150.520.0060.070.00142544345
14KL-5斜-160.5150.0060.070.00142244395

新窗口打开| 下载CSV


图4

图4   卡拉麦里蛇绿混杂岩中辉长岩斜锆石U-Pb谐和年龄图(a)和加权平均年龄图(b)

Fig.4   U-Pb harmonic age map and weighted mean age map of gabbro baddeleyite from Kalamaili ophiolite


4 讨论

4.1 斜锆石年代学意义

众所周知,辉长岩属于硅不饱和岩石大类,斜锆石与辉石、橄榄石等一起稳定共存;而锆石属于硅饱和、过饱和矿物。锆石有2种形成方式:(1)在晚期岩浆硅饱和时晶出;(2)斜锆石在含SiO2的流体或酸性岩浆的参与下发生锆石化形成。从形成先后顺序来说,斜锆石属于硅不饱和岩石早期的矿物,可作为副矿物相与早期辉长岩主要矿物相(辉石、橄榄石和基性斜长石)稳定共存。而锆石属于晚期岩浆作用的产物,其晶出时间代表晚期岩浆冷却结晶的时间。因此,本文认为硅不饱和岩石根据锆石U-Pb所得的年龄只能代表岩石中、晚期的形成年龄,而斜锆石U-Pb年龄代表岩石最早的结晶年龄。

4.2 蛇绿岩年代学及构造意义

前人对卡拉麦里蛇绿岩套的组成及形成时代进行了大量的研究,对该蛇绿岩的形成有较为一致的见解,但对于该蛇绿岩带的形成年龄,一直争议不断。1981年,张弛[31]根据发现的化石认为阿尔曼太和卡拉麦里蛇绿岩带的形成时代均为晚古生代;1983年,蔡文俊等[32]发现硅质岩放射虫化石,认为卡拉麦里蛇绿岩带的年龄上限为早石炭世;2012年,黄岗等[14]根据辉绿岩的锆石测年,认为卡拉麦里蛇绿岩的年龄为(416.7±3.2) Ma,形成于早泥盆;2015年,方爱民等[33]根据辉长岩的锆石年龄[(406±1.8) Ma],认为卡拉麦里蛇绿岩也形成于早泥盆;2007年,唐红峰等[17]通过对来自大洋地壳的斜长花岗岩(373 Ma)测年,认为其形成于晚泥盆世;2009年,汪帮耀等[9]也对蛇绿岩中出露的辉长岩[(329.9±1.6) Ma]进行了锆石U-Pb测年,认为卡拉麦里蛇绿岩形成于早石炭世。

对前人提出的观点本文认为,硅质岩只能代表蛇绿岩形成之后的洋盆发育时代[31,32],唐红峰等[17]用锆石进行测年所得出的结果只能代表洋盆在晚泥盆世尚未闭合。本文认为,如果基性—超基性岩石有斜锆石和锆石共存的现象,根据矿物学原理,则斜锆石必定形成于锆石之前,而锆石的形成年龄应晚于斜锆石。本文认为锆石U-Pb对卡拉麦里蛇绿混杂岩中出露的辉长岩和辉绿岩等硅不饱和岩石进行测年所得出的数据只能证明洋盆已经存在的时间,并不能得出洋盆形成时间的论断,所以前文所提到的前人根据锆石U-Pb测年推断出洋盆形成时间的论断并不十分正确。本文对卡拉麦里蛇绿混杂岩中呈团块状出露的辉长岩中的斜锆石进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,得出辉长岩谐和年龄为(432.2±2.7)Ma(95%,MSWD=0.87),加权平均年龄为(436.4±2.5)Ma(95%,MSWD=0.59),属早志留世。李锦轶等[12]在卡拉麦里蛇绿岩带南部的中志留统白山包组和其上覆的上志留—下泥盆统红柳沟组中发现图瓦贝化石(浅海相),推断东准噶尔南部的卡拉麦里洋盆可能在早泥盆世打开。李现冰[22]测得卡拉麦里枕状玄武岩和斜长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为(418.5±5.4)Ma和(412.9±4.6)Ma,认为卡拉麦里洋盆自晚志留—早泥盆世就开始拉张。而本次研究得到的年龄为卡拉麦里蛇绿混杂岩中辉长岩的最老年龄,它代表着卡拉麦里洋盆最早开始拉张的时间,表明卡拉麦里洋盆在早志留世晚期已经开始拉张。

李亚萍等[34]、郭丽爽等[35]和张永等[36]在东准噶尔北部发现的火山弧花岗岩年龄介于424.5~413.0 Ma,是由扎河坝—阿尔曼太蛇绿岩所代表的洋盆俯冲的产物,因此认为在扎河坝—阿尔曼太蛇绿岩所代表的洋盆闭合前,卡拉麦里洋盆就已经存在。

5 结论

(1)卡拉麦里蛇绿岩中呈块状出露的辉长岩的LA-ICP-MS斜锆石加权平均年龄为(436.4±2.5)Ma(MSWD=0.59),谐和年龄为(432.4±2.7)Ma(MSWD=0.87),两者均为早志留世。本文以加权平均年龄为准,认为(436.4±2.5)Ma代表卡拉麦里蛇绿岩辉长岩年龄。

(2)蛇绿岩的形成代表着洋盆的拉张,该年龄为目前发现卡拉麦里蛇绿岩最老的年龄,表明卡拉麦里洋盆在早志留世晚期已经开始拉张。

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